Showing posts with label QS. Show all posts
Showing posts with label QS. Show all posts

HOW TO MEASURE PLINTH AND CARPET AREA OF BUILDINGS AS PER IS CODE IS 3861 : 2002

 MEASUREMENT OF PLINTH AND CARPET AREA AS PER IS: 3561 (2002)

GENERAL

The areas of each of the following categories shall be measured separately and shall not be clubbed together:

a) Basement

b) Floor without cladding ( stilted floor)

c) Floors including top floor which may be partly covered

d) Mezzanine floor including addl. floor for seating in assembly building/ theatre, auditorium, etc

e) Garage

f) Accommodation for service staff

g) Stair cover ( mumty )

h) Machine room;

g) Porch and

h) Towers, turrets, domes projecting above the terrace level at terrace.

MEASUREMENT OF PLINTH AREA

Plinth area shall mean the built-up covered measured at the floor level of the basement or of any storey. For the purpose of plinth area, following shall be included:

a) Area of the wall at the floor level excluding plinth offsets, if any; when the building consists of columns projecting beyond cladding, the plinth area shall be taken up to the external face of cladding ( in case of corrugated sheet cladding outer edge of corrugation shall be considered )

NOTE — In case. a common wall is owned jointly by two owners, only half the area of such walls shall be included in the plinth area of one owner.

b) Shafts for sanitary, water supply installations, garbage chute, telecommunication, electrical, fire fighting, air-conditioning and lifts

c) Stair case

d) In case of open verandah with parapets:

  1. 100percent areas for the portion protected by the projections above, and
  2.  50 percent area for the portion unprotected from above.

e) 100 percent area of the balcony protected by projection above and 50 percent area of the unprotected balcony; and

f) In case of alcove made by cantilevering a slab beyond external wall:

  1. 25 percent of the area for the alcove of height up to 1 m,
  2. 50 percent of the area for the alcove of height more than 1m and upto 2 m, and
  3. 100 percent of the area for the alcove of height more than 2 m.

The following shall not be included in the plinth area 

a) Area of loft
b) Area of architectural band, cornice, etc
c) Area of vertical sun breaker or box louver projecting out and other architectural features, for example slab projection for flower pot, etc;
d) Open platform;
e) Terrace;
f)) Open spiral/service stair cases; and
g) Area of mumty, machine room, towers, turrets, domes projecting above terrace level.

MEASUREMENT OF CARPET AREA

Carpet area shall mean the floor area of the usable rooms at any floor level

(A) From the plinth area as worked out above, the area of the wall shall be deducted ( see below). Thickness of wall shall be inclusive of finishes.
(NOTE — The various dimensions could be measured internally or externally.)

The following shall be included in the wall area:
a)Door and other openings in the wall;
b) Pillars, intermediate pillars, supports or any other such obstruction within the plinth area irrespective of their location;
c) Plaster along wall exceeding 300 cm2 in area;
d) Flues which are within the wall;
e) Built-in cupboard, almirah and shelf appearing within a height of 2.2 m from floor; and
f) Fire place projecting beyond the face of the wall in living or bed room.

The following shall be excluded from the wall area:

a) Plaster along wall not exceeding 300 cm2 in area, and
b) Chullah platform projecting beyond the face of the wall.

 (B) The carpet area shall be the area worked out as in (A) excluding the area of the following portion:

a) Verandah;
b) Corridor and passage;
c) Entrance hall and porch;
d) Staircase and stair-cover ( mumty ) ( see Note);
e) Shaft and machine room for lift;
f) Bathroom and lavatory;
g) Kitchen and pantry;
h) Store;
j) Canteen;
k) Air-conditioning duct and plant room; and
m) Shaft for sanitary/water supply installations and garbage chute, electrical and fire fighting, air-conditioning, telecommunication, lift.

NOTE — In a hall or basement, areas of portion I m beyond last step shall be part of the staircase.

The carpet areas of category mentioned in General (above) -  b), e), g), h), k) and m) are not required to be calculated.

MEASUREMENT OF RENTABLE AREA

Rentable area shall mean the carpet area at any floor level including areas mentioned below

Residential Buildings

 The rentable area shall be carpet area as worked out in 5 but shall further include the following:

a) The carpet area of kitchen, pantry, store, lavatory, bath room; and

b) Fifty percent of carpet area of unglazed and 100 percent of glazed verandah.

 It shall, however, exclude the carpet area of the covered portion of the building  such as storage space on top landings of staircase, under first landing and waist slab on floor one.

Non-Residential Buildings

The rentable area shall be carpet area increased by the carpet area of the canteen including store, kitchen and pantry attached to it.

It shall, however, not include carpet areas of bathroom and lavatory.

Balcony

A horizontal projection with a hand-rail, balustrade or a parapet, to serve as passage or sitting out place.

Mezzanine Floor

An intermediate floor in between two main floors having minimum height of 2.2 m from the floor and having a proper and permanent access to it.

NOTE — Where rules of the local bodies permit intermediate floor of minimum 1.8 m clear height, these be also considered as mezzanine floor for the purpose of measurement.

Stair Cover ( Mumty )

Itis a structure with a roof over a staircase and its landing, built to enclose only the stairs for the purpose of providing protection from weather and not used for human habitation.

 Loft

A structure providing intermediate storage space in between two main floors without having a permanent access and at a height not less than 2.0 m from the floor below.

Porch

It is a covered structure supported on pillars or otherwise for the purpose of pedestrian or vehicular approach to a building.


















HOW TO CALCULATE MATERIALS REQUIRED

 CALCULATION OF MATERIALS

 FOR CONCRETE

For  Concrete Mix 1:2: 4 (M15) -1 Cum

Add 50% for Wet Concrete, ie., 1.5 Cum    (1.54 also can be taken)

Cement -1 part = 1.5/ (1+2+4)  = 0.214 Cum

                     1 Cum of Cement = 30 Bags of Cement  ( 1 Cum = 1440 Kg /50 = 30bags)

Cement required      = 0.214 x 30 = 6.42 bags

Sand required            = 0.214 x 2 = 0.428 Cum

Aggregate required = 0.214 x 4 = 0.856 Cum


FOR SOLID BLOCK MASONRY 8" tk. in CM 1:6 mix - 100 Sqm

Volume = 100 x 0.2 (Thickness of wall)   Block size - 0.4 x 0.2 x 0.2
                 =  20 Cum

Approx. no. of blocks required  = 20 / (0.4 x 0.2 x 0.2)
                                               = 1250 Nos.

Volume of Mortar          = 20-(0.39 x 0.19 x 0.19 x 1250)   (Deduct 10mm for mortar thickness)
                                              = 20 - 17.598
                                              = 2.40 Cum

Blocks                                 = 17.598 / (0.4 x 0.2 x 0.2)
                                               = 1100 Nos.
        Add 2% wastage     = 22
Total Blocks required   = 1122 Nos.

FOR WALL PLASTERING CM 1:4, 12 mm tk. - 100 Sqm

Volume              = 100 x (12/1000)          = 1.20 Cum
Add 30 - 35% as bulking of Sand        = 0.36 Cum
Add 20% wastage of Sand                     = 0.312 Cum
                                                  Total              = 1.872 Cum

 For 1: 4 mix, 1 part     = 1.872 / (1+4)  = 0.374 Cum
 Cement required        = 0.374 x 30       = 10.77 bags
Sand required               = 0.374 x 4         = 1.496 Cum

Mortar - increase 25% for dry mortar  = 2.4 + 0.6 = 3.0 Cum   (Upto 33% can be increased)
                                         For 1: 6 mix            = 3 / (1+6)
                                                                            = 0.429 Cum
               Cement Required   = 0.429 x 30 = 12.50 bags
                Sand                           = 0.429 x 6   = 2.57 Cum


FOR RED CLAY BRICK MASONRY 9" tk. in CM 1:6 mix - 100 Sqm

Size of Bricks (Traditional in India) - 225 x 112.5 x 75 incl. 10mm mortar joint.

Volume = 100 x 0.225 (Thickness of wall)   
                 =  22.5 Cum

Approx. no. of bricks required  = 22.5 / (0.225 x 0.1125 x 0.075)
                                               = 11852 Nos.

Volume of Mortar          = 22.5-(0.215 x 0.1025 x 0.065 x 11852)   (Deduct 10mm for mortar thickness)
                                              = 22.5 - 16.98
                                              = 5.52 Cum

Bricks                                 = 16.98 / (0.225 x 0.1125 x 0.075)
                                               = 8944 Nos.
        Add 2% wastage     = 179
Total Bricks required   = 9123 Nos. For 100 Sqm 9" tk. wall


CONVENTIONAL METHOD OF CALCULATION OF BRICKS

Size of Brick - 9" x 4.5" x 3" (0.75 x 0.375 x 0.25 ft)

Volume of Brick  = 0.75 x 0.375 x 0.25 = 0.07 Cft.

No. of Bricks in 1Cft. = 1 / 0.07 =14.285 Bricks

Quantity of Bricks without mortar = 14.285 - 1.4285  (Deduct 10% for mortar coverage)
                                                                       = 12.856 Bricks
Adding 5% wastage of Bricks            = 0.6428
                   Total no of bricks                 = 13.49 for 1 Cft of Brick work

                For 100 Cft Brick work           = 1349 Bricks


CALCULATION OF AGGREGATES

For 1:1.5:3 mix

Quantity of Aggregate  = Aggregate / (Cement+ Sand + Aggregate ) x 1.57

                                               = 3/ (1+1.5+3) x 1.57   = 0.85 Cum

! Cum of Aggregate        = 1500 to 1800 Kg 

  Let us assume 1650 Kg, Then 0.85 Cum Aggregate = 1650 x 0.85 = 1402.5 Kg.








QUICK REFERENCE - METHODS OF MEASUREMENTS IN BUILDINGS

 METHODS OF MEASUREMENTS IN BUILDINGS

Here, we are giving you, the quick reference for methods of Measurement for some important items only. For Detailed methods for all items Refer Codes: IS 1200 & SP 27 in our previous blog.

Order of Taking Measurements:

Measurement in stages - a) Below ground/datum level.


                                           b) Above ground/datum level

  • Earth work
  • Foundations (Footings/Piles/Well foundation)
  • Stone masonry
  • Concrete works
  • Form work
  • Brick work
  • Wood work and Joinery
  • Steel works
  • Hardware
  • Glazing
  • Floor finishes, Dado and Skirting
  • Roof Covering
  • Ceiling and Lining
  • Plastering and Pointing
  • White washing, colour washing, distempering and other finishes
  • Painting, Polishing, varnishing
  • Watersupply, Plumbing and drains
  • Water and sewage lines
  • Road works, pavements
  • Boundary wall
STANDARD METHODS OF MEASUREMENT

1. EARTHWORK
  • Dimensions shall be measured nearest 0.01m, where any dimension is above 25m -  nearest 0.1m
  • Areas shall be to the nearest 0.01 m2
  • Volume shall be to the nearest 0.01 m3
Classification: Materials to be excavated shall be classified as:
  • Soft/Loose soil  |  Hard/Dense soil  |  Mud  |  Soft/Disintegrated Rock(SDR)  |  Hard Rock  |  
Types of Excavation : 
  • Excavation including Rock cutting
  • Surface Dressing : Trimming ground not exceeding 15cm deep) - measured in Sqm.
  • Rough Excavation: Dressing not required - measured in Cum
  • Surface Excavation - (Not exceeding 1.5 m in width, 10 Sqm. in plan & 30 cm in depth) - measured in Sqm.
  • Excavation over areas (Above 1.5 m in width, 10 Sqm. in plan & 30 cm in depth) - measured in Cum
  • Excavation in trenches (Below 1.5 m in width & not exceeding 10 Sqm area) - measured in Cum
  • Post holes (Each not exceeding 0.5cum)
  • Return, Fill and Ram - Measured in Cum
  • Embankments : 10% deduction for solid contents, 5% incase machinery is used
    Planking and Strutting
Lead and Lift : Lead - 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 500, 1000, 1500m ; additional 500m upto 5km intervals, Lift - 1.5m intervals

Planking and strutting : In stages of 1.5m - measured in Sqm

Removing trees and Hedges : Trees not exceeding 30cm girth - measured in Sqm.

2. CONCRETE
RCC/PCC Cast in-situ : Classifications
  • Foundation, footings, bases of Columns
  • Walls
  • Slabs supported on walls, beams, columns
  • Chajjas
  • Lintels, Shelves, Beams
  • Staircase
  • Balusters, newels, beams
  • Arches
  • Domes, Vaults
  • .....Etc.
Measurements:
Columns : Top of Column base to underside of Ist floor & from top of floor slab to underside of 2nd floor slab

Beams : Length - Face to face of Column
               Depth - Bottom of slab to bottom of beam
               Depth of Inverted Beam - Top of slab to top of beam 
Chajjas : Inclusive of bearing (Without lintel) Clear with lintel/beam
Cavity walls : Plane along centre line of cavity
Channel : Rm
Tensioning strands : Kg (between anchorages)
Expansion joints : Rm
 
(Note : No deduction for volume occupied by reinforcements, openings upto 0.1 Sqm each)
                
3.BRICK WORK
Measurements : 
  • Generally measured in Cum, unless otherwise stated
  • Walls less than one brick thick - measured in Sqm, stating thickness
  • Honeycomb work, cavity walls, broken glass coping, DPC, toothing and bonding -Sqm
  • Brick edging, sills, cornices -Rm
  • Greater than three brick thick - Actual measurement to nearest cm

NO Deductions for:
  • Openings upto 0.1 Sqm
  • Ends of dissimilar materials
  • Bearings of slabs, chajjas where thickness is less than 10 cm and bearing does not extend to full thickness
4.FORM WORKS
  • Measurements in Sqm 
  • No deductions for openings upto 0.4 Sqm. No deduction shall be made for any opening/ cutouts when slipform technique is used.
  • Secondary beams shall be measured upto the sides of main beams; No deductions in Main beam sides for intersection of secondary beams and no deductions in column casings at intersection of beams
5. WOODWORK AND JOINERY
Measurements :
  • Length and width shall be to the nearest 0.01 Sqm
  • Width of single plank shall be measured to the nearest 2mm and thickness also measured nearest 2mm
  • Cubical contents shall be worked out to the nearest 0.001Cum
6. STEEL /ALUMINIUM, IRON WORKS /Roofing
Measurements :
  • Weight of steel sections as per IS weights
  • If weight not given, take @ 7850 kg/cum
  • Weight to nearest Kg, length nearest 0.5cm
  • Deductions - holes above 0.02 Sqm and Openings above 0.1 Sqm
  • Authorized laps, cranks, chairs, spacers shall be measured extra
  • Weight of Binding wire, weight of welds shall not be measured
Steel shutters/ Gates/ Windows
  • Steel rolling shutters : Width- Inclusive of side guide channels and Height- distance between the Sill/FFL and the centre of the hood cover
  • Collapsible gates : Height - FFL to top of Gate, width - out to out in open position
  • Steel Doors/ windows/ ventilators: Height/ width - Out to out of frame to nearest 0.5 cm
  • Pressed steel frames: Rm, Filling of frame width
Roof Covering: Measured net as fixed without any allowance for laps. Openings upto 0.4Sqm shall not be deducted. Portions of roof covering overlapped by ridge or hip shall be included. Circular openings shall be classified as holes
GI / Aluminium /FRP sheets - 2 corrugations for side lap
AC Sheets - 1/2 corrugation for side lap
Accessories in Rm

7. Floor Finishes - Measurements:
  • Measured in Sqm, excluding expansion joints and Cum for thickness above 25cm
  • No deduction upto 0.2Sqm openings
8. Plastering / Pointing :
  • Measured in Sqm
  • Thickness above 10mm done in separate layers and top coat is calles as floating / setting coat
  • Minimum thickness at any point on the surface
  • Length- Between walls/ partitions, Height from top of floor/ skirting/ dado to the ceiling
  • Depth of moulds, cornices shall be deducted. Sides of plasters, projections added to wall plastering
  • Deductions: No deductions for openings upto 0.5 Sqm. For openings above 0.5 Sqm but less than 3 Sqm - deduction for one face only. For openings above 3 Sqm, deduction on both sides and addition of plastering of jambs/ sill.
  • Ceiling plastering - Measurement between walls, partitions (mouldings, cornices deducted)
  • Beams - plastered sides of beams added to ceilings
  • Pointing - Same as plastering
  • V/ U Grooves measured in Rm
8. Colour washing, Distempering, Cement based painting / Painting
  • On walls, ceiling measured separately
  • Measurements will be that of plastered surfaces
  • Corrugated surfaces measured flat and increased addl. qty. as follows. Corrugated steel sheets - 14%, asbestos sheets -20%, semi corrugated AC sheets - 10%
  • Doors and windows of composite sections measured separately with application of appropriate coefficients.
Painting Coefficients
  • Panelled / ledged joinery - 1.3 (Each side)
  • Flush doors - 1.2 (Each side)
  • Fully glazed/ gauzed : 0.8 (each side)
  • Partly panelled / Glazed : 1.0 (Each side)
  • Gates : 1.0 (All over)
  • Steel rolling shutters : 1.10 (Each side)
  • Plain steel sheet doors : 1.10 (Each side)
  • Collapsible gate : 1.50 (All over)



























THE ULTIMATE GUIDE TO BECOME A GREAT QUANTITY SURVEYOR

 QUANTITY SURVEYOR - ROLES, RESPONSIBILITIES & TIPS TO EXCEL

The role of Quantity Surveyor is to manage and control all costs of the construction of thebuildings and Civil Engineering Projects. They work both in office and Construction site to minimise the expenses to complete the project within budget, without compromising quality and time.

Duties and Responsibilities of a Quantity Surveyor
  • Preparing Estimates, Rate Anaysis
  • Total cost workout and preparing budget for the Project
  • Preparing, negotiating and analysing costs for Tenders and Contracts.
  • Cost Planning for every stage of the Project
  • Preparing Bill of Quantities (BOQ)
  • Getting quotations for materials, labour contracts and  machineries to hire 
  • Preparing Bar Bending Schedule (BBS) in case of RCC works
  • Checking the indents from site and giving procurement advice
  • Monitoring Budget
  • Materials Reconciliation at every stage
  • Monitoring the hiring Plants, machineries and shuttering materials usage 
  • Checking the bills of Contractors, preparation of Payment invoice and certification
  • Assessment of variations
  • Assessing the workdone, cost spent and preparing projections for future works
  • Advice on Contract disputes
  • Preparing final accounts, cost reports
  • Giving advice to avoid risks, pitfalls and time delays in projects

Knowledge and skills required to become a QS
  • Technical details of construction projects, Studying Drawings
  • IS Codes for methods of measurements - IS 1200  Parts I - XXVIII & SP 27
  • Understanding the WBS, Specifications
  • Estimation, BBS, Budget, bills, payment advice and Cost reports formats
  • Preparing Rate analysis, material reconciliation
  • Value Engineering
  • Cost management and Project management
  • Dispute resolution
  • Knowledge of all  taxes (Property tax, GST, Labour tax, Service tax,etc.)  involved in projects
General Skills
  • Strong maths Knowledge
  • Excellent attention to detail
  • Analytical thinking skills
  • Strong negotiation skills
  • Ability to use your initiative
  • Timely Problem solving
ROLE OF QS IN CONTRACT / GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS
  • Tendering Process
  • Contract Administration
  • Release of Performance Guarantees
  • Defect Liability
  • Checking Mbooks, taking measurements
  • Deviations/Variations
  • Extension of time
  • Termination of Contract
  • Disputes and their Resolution , ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) / Arbitration
  • Semi legal skills
  • Constant monitoring and appraisal to Top management
How to Sharpen QS Skills?

To improve your Quantity Surveying skills, You can join Courses /Institutes for Q.S.

Indian Institute of Quantity Surveyors IIQS : Professional body of Quantity Surveyors, associated with NICMAR  also. Conducting Events, seminars, courses to Quantity Surveyors.

Website : www.iiqsglobal.org

List of Q.S Courses in India

1. NICMAR : One year Programme PGP QSCM : Post Graduate Programme in Quantity Surveying and Contract Management
  • One-year, full time, residential Programme for degree holders, offered from Hyderabad (Shamirpet)
  • Website : www.nicmar.ac.in

2. RICS School of Built Environment (RICS SBE) in Amity University , Noida: 
  • MBA in Construction Economics & Quantity Surveying
  • Website : www.ricssbe.org

3. Reinforce Quantity Surveyors and Training Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi :
  • Professional and Industrial training to B.Tech and Dploma Civil Engineers (Courses on Project Planning, Contract management, santary, Plumbing Engineering also available)
  • Website : www.reinforceqst.com/about
4. MSN Institutes for Civil Engineers, Thiruvanmiyur, Chennai :
  • Professional Training courses in Civil Engineering
  • Website : www.msnifce.org

5. Bhadani Quantity Surveying Training Institute, Pune & Mumbai :
  • Professional Training and job oriented Courses, through that you can get jos in MNC's construction companies in India and abroad.
  • Website : www.billingengineer.com

6. School of Construction management Excellence S-CME, Bengaluru :
  • Certification Courses for Civil Engineers
  • Website : www.scme.co.in

7. Institute of Quantity Surveyors, Calicut :
  • Giving trainings to professionals and proclaim the successful placements in Gulf countries, singapore, India
  • Website : www.Qsurveyors.com

8. EDGE Consult Engineering Solutions, Hyderabad:
  • Professional Training to Civil Engineers
  • Website : edge-ces.com

9. SMEC labs training, Hyderabad:
  • ISO certified institution giving training in QS
  • Website : www.smeclabs.org

10. Synclaine Quantity Surveyors, Hyderabad :
  • Certificate and Advanced Courses in QS, Contract Management
  • Website :  www.synclineqs.com

11. V Institute, Kollam : Reputed institute Estd. in 1941.
  • Diploma and Advanced Diploma in Quantity Survey
  • Website : study@vinstitute1941.com

12. IQS institute of Quantity Survey, Tirupati :
  • Govt. recognised professional training courses
  • Website : www.quantitysurveyacademy.com
The above are some of the courses for your reference. 

TYPICAL REPORTING PROCEDURE FOR QS

DAILY REPORTS
  • Daily Labour Report
  • NMR Deployment Report
  • NMR Tracking Sheet
  • Daily Materials Receipt
  • QS Task list
WEEKLY REPORTS
  • NMR & PRW (Piece Rate Works) Details
  • OT Details
  • Sub Contractor Splitup details
  • Bills Checking (If weekly Billing)
  • Bill updation in ERP
FORTNIGHT REPORTS
  • Materials Procurement Sheet
  • Materials Projections
  • Materials Tracking Sheet
MONTHLY REPORTS
  • Tracking Schedule
  • BOQ Vs Actual
  • Drawing Register
  • Work Completion Report 
  • Materials Reconciliation
  • Budget Projections
  • Hired Machineries and Shuttering materials Report (If any)














Methods of measurement of Building and Civil Engineering Works: IS 1200 & SP 27 (Free Download)

 Adopt the Standards for Measurements

We have to adopt the IS Codes for Constructions in India. Every Engineer should be well informed about IS Codes for successful practice and Contracts. I want to share the Codes available with me. 

First, Every Site Engineer, Billing Engineer and Quantity Surveyor should know the Methods of Measurements as per IS 1200 Code. This code has 28 parts and I have enclosed all for your reference. (Click in the parts below)

Disclaimer: The attached codes are for Educational reference and noncommercial purposes only. For Latest Reaffirmed copies, visit Bureau of Indian Standards website: standardsbis.bsbedge.com. 

IS1200 : METHODS OF MEASUREMENT OF BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS

Part - I : Earth Work  (Download)           

Part - II : Concrete Works  (Download)

Part - III : Brick Work  (Download)

Part - IV: Stone Masonry  (Download)

Part - V : Form Work  (Download)

Part - VI : Refractory Work  (Download)

Part - VII : Hardware  (Download)

Part - VIII : Steel Work and Iron work  (Download)

Part - XI : Roof Covering (Including Cladding)  (Download)

Part - X : Ceiling and Linings  (Download)

Part - XI : Paving, Floor Finishes and Skirting  (Download)

Part - XII : Plastering and Pointing  (Download)

Part - 13 : White washing, Colour washing, Distempering and 
                       Painting of Building Surfaces  (Download)

Part - 14 : Glazing  (Download)

Part - 15 : Painting, Polishing, Varnishing, etc  (Download)

Part - XVI : Laying of Water and Sewer lines including          Appurtenant items    (Download) 

Part - 17 : Road work including Airfield Pavements  (Download)

Part - XVIII : Demolition and Dismatling  (Download)

Part - XIX : Watersupply, Plumbing and drains  (Download)

Part - XX : Laying of Gas and Oil pipelines  (Download)

Part - XXI : Woodwork and Joinery  (Download)

Part - XXII : Materials  (Download)

Part - 23 : Piling  (Download)

Part - 24 : Well Foundations  (Download)

Part - XXV : Tunneling  (Download)

Part - 26 : Acid Resistant Lining  (Download)

Part - 27 : Earth work done by Mechanical Appliances  (Download)

Part - 28 : Sound Insulation work  (Download)


SP 27 : HANDBOOK OF METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF BUILDING WORKS





Challenges in Civil Engineering Projects

 Challenges in Civil Engineering Projects Civil engineering projects face a multitude of challenges that can impact their success. Here are ...